Business & Finance

What is Budget?

A financial plan that estimates income and expenses over a specific future period, used to guide spending and resource allocation.

How It Works

A budget is a forward-looking financial plan that sets revenue targets and expense limits. Businesses use budgets for planning, controlling costs, evaluating performance (budget vs actual analysis), and securing funding. Types include operating budgets (revenue and expenses), capital budgets (asset investments), cash flow budgets (liquidity planning), and master budgets (comprehensive company-wide plan). Zero-based budgeting starts from scratch each period, while incremental budgeting adjusts the previous period's numbers.

Formula

Budget Variance = Actual Amount − Budgeted Amount

Real-World Example

A company's Q1 marketing budget allocates: Digital Ads ₹3,00,000, Content ₹1,50,000, Events ₹2,00,000, Total ₹6,50,000. Actual spend was ₹7,10,000 — an unfavorable variance of ₹60,000 (9.2% over budget).

Why It Matters

1

Ensures accurate financial reporting and record-keeping

2

Helps maintain regulatory and tax compliance

3

Enables better-informed business decisions

4

Improves operational efficiency and cash flow management

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should a business review its budget?

Monthly at minimum, with quarterly deep-dive reviews. Modern ERP systems provide real-time budget vs actual dashboards so you can track variances as they happen, not months later.

What is zero-based budgeting?

A method where every expense must be justified from scratch each period — nothing is carried forward automatically. Unlike traditional budgeting (adjusting last year's numbers), ZBB forces managers to evaluate if each cost is still necessary.

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