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Lesson 1 of 4Business Finance

Cash Flow Management

Cash is the lifeblood of every business. More businesses fail from running out of cash than from being unprofitable. Mastering cash flow management means you'll always know where your money is, where it's going, and whether you'll have enough.

Cash Flow ≠ Profit

Profit (Accrual Basis)

  • • Revenue recorded when earned (even if not paid)
  • • Expenses recorded when incurred (even if not paid)
  • • Includes non-cash items (depreciation, amortization)
  • • Answers: "Is the business viable?"

Cash Flow (Actual Money)

  • • Cash recorded when received
  • • Cash recorded when spent
  • • Only tracks real money movement
  • • Answers: "Can we pay bills this week?"

The Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC)

CCC = Inventory Days + Receivable Days − Payable Days

Lower CCC = faster cash recovery. Negative CCC = you get paid before you pay.

Inventory Days

(Inventory ÷ COGS) × 365

Example: (₹4L ÷ ₹30L) × 365 = 49 days

How long stock sits before being sold

Receivable Days

(Receivables ÷ Revenue) × 365

Example: (₹3.5L ÷ ₹50L) × 365 = 26 days

How long customers take to pay you

Payable Days

(Payables ÷ COGS) × 365

Example: (₹2.5L ÷ ₹30L) × 365 = 30 days

How long you take to pay suppliers

Example CCC: 49 + 26 − 30 = 45 days. This means it takes 45 days from paying for inventory to collecting cash from the sale. Goal: reduce this number.

10 Ways to Improve Cash Flow

1

Invoice Immediately

Send invoices the same day goods are delivered or services rendered. Every day of delay = one more day without cash.

2

Shorten Payment Terms

Change from Net 60 to Net 30 or Net 14. Customers often pay on the due date — make it sooner.

3

Offer Early Payment Discounts

Offer 2% discount for payment within 10 days (2/10 Net 30). Most customers will take it.

4

Chase Overdue Invoices

Send automated reminders at 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days overdue. Call after 30 days.

5

Negotiate Supplier Terms

Extend payment terms with suppliers to Net 45 or Net 60. This increases your payable days.

6

Reduce Inventory

Use just-in-time inventory. Dead stock ties up cash. Sell slow-moving items at a discount.

7

Require Deposits Upfront

For large orders or projects, collect 30-50% upfront before starting work.

8

Lease Instead of Buy

Leasing equipment spreads costs over time instead of large upfront capital expenditure.

9

Build a Cash Reserve

Maintain 3-6 months of operating expenses as cash buffer for seasonal dips.

10

Use Cash Flow Forecasting

Project cash flow weekly for the next 13 weeks. Spot shortfalls before they become crises.

Key Takeaways

Cash flow management is about TIMING — when money comes in vs when it goes out. Profit doesn't guarantee survival

The Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) is your key metric: Inventory Days + Receivable Days − Payable Days. Lower is better

Invoice immediately, shorten payment terms, and chase overdue payments — these three actions alone can transform your cash position

Build a 13-week rolling cash flow forecast to anticipate shortfalls and plan ahead

Maintain a cash reserve of 3-6 months of operating expenses for unexpected events